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Dalam hidup sehari-hari kita pasti banyak menerima infomasi. Informasi tersebut dapat kita temukan, baik secara lisan maupun tulisan. Informasi tersusun dalam pokok-pokok informasi yang masing-masing pokok informasi memiliki aspeknya masing-masing. Apa itu aspek adiksimba dalam pokok-pokok informasi? Sebelum kita lanjutkan, pelajari dulu ragam kata tanya dalam Bahasa Indonesia berikut ini!
Ragam Kata Tanya dalam Bahasa Indonesia
Kalimat tanya adalah kalimat yang memuat unsur kata tanya dengan tujuan mandapatkan jawaban, informasi, atau kepastian berkaitan dengan suatu hal. Kata tanya paling sering kita kenal meliputi “apa, di mana, kapan, siapa, mengapa, dan bagaimana”, yang bisa kita singkat: adiksimba
Keenam kata tanya tersebut sebenarnya berasal dari kata tanya dalam Bahasa Inggris yang sering disebut 5W + 1H (what, where, when, who, why, dan how). Namun, ragam kata tanya bahasa satu satu dengan yang lainnya tidak selalu sama. Begitu pula dengan Bahasa Indonesia. Bahasa Indonesia. Bahasa Indonesia memiliki variasi kata tanya yang lebih beragam daripada Bahasa Inggris. Berikut ini kata-kata tanya dalam Bahasa Indonesia.
| Kata tanya | Fungsi (menanyakan) |
Contoh |
| Apa | benda | Apa alat pernapasan manusia? |
| perbuatan | Apa yang dilakukan Karni saat merasa sesak napas? | |
| keadaan | Apa ciri-ciri orang yang terkena influenza? | |
| Siapa | pelaku (subyek) | Siapa yang memakai masker berwarna merah? |
| penerima perlakuan (obyek) | Siapa yang diberi sumbangan oleh kepala desa? | |
| Kapan | waktu kejadian | Kapan Tono berolahraga? |
| Bilamana | waktu keadaan | Bilamana matahari akan terbenam? |
| Di mana | posisi atau letak | Di mana ibu meletakkan sepatu Lana? |
| Ke mana | tujuan | Ke mana Pak Agus akan berlibur? |
| Dari mana | asal | Dari mana Bu Agus berasal? |
| Mengapa | sebab atau alasan | Mengapa Hendri memakai masker? |
| Bagaimana | cara atau proses | Bagaimana kita mencuci tangan dengan benar? |
| keadaan atau kondisi, ciri-ciri, kualitas, dan akibat | Bagaimana situasi di Kota Jakarta selama pandemi? | |
| Berapa | jumlah, frekuensi, dan kuantitas | Berapa jarak rumahmu ke sekolah? |
Penulisan kata tanya miliki beberapa variasi penempatan. Kata tanya dapat ditempatkan pada kata kedua atau ketiga kalimat tanya dengan maksud memperjelas hal yang ditanyakan. Misalnya:
- Dengan apa kamu tiba ke sekolah?
- Dari kota mana virus Covid berasal?
- Bersama siapa Mama berbelanja ke pasar?
Dalam Bahasa Indonesia masih ada cara untuk bertanya dengan menggunakan akhiran ‘-kah’ dengan fungsi untuk menanyakan kepastian (ya atau tidak). Contoh:
- Apakah kamu dapat bermain pianika?
- Bukankah anak yang tadi ada di taman itu bernama Tono?
- Bisakah kamu membantu saya membersihkan ruang tamu ini?
Akhiran ‘-kah’ tidak perlu ditambahkan pada kata tanya apa (yang menanyakan benda), siapa, kapan, di mana, berapa dan kata tanya lain (kecuali, ‘apakah’ dengan maksud bertanya memastikan). Contoh:
- Kapankah pandemi Covid-19 ini berakhir?
- Siapakah penemu vaksin virus Corona?
Jika kata tanya ditempatkan di belakang kalimat, hal tersebut tidak tepat. Contoh:
- Gina bermain bersama siapa?
- Buah ini harganya berapa?
- Tadi siang kamu dari mana?
Kata tanya tidak baku adalah kata tanya yang sering digunakan dalam bahasa percakapan / lisan. Contohnya, “kenapa, gimana, ngapain”. Kata tanya tidak baku tidak boleh digunakan dalam penulisan, artikel ilmiah, surat resmi, notula rapat, pidato resmi dan buku-buku ilmiah/resmi.
Aspek adiksimba dalam Bahasa Indonesia
Aspek adiksimba dalam Bahasa Indonesia sebenarnya mengadopsi dari aspek 5W + 1H dalam Bahasa Inggris. Hal ini karena Bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa internasional yang digunakan di seluruh dunia.
Dalam aspek adiksimba, kata tanya “di mana“, “ke mana” dan “dari mana” disatukan dalam satu aspek di mana. Demikian pula kata tanya “berapa“, disatukan dalam aspek bagaimana, dan “bilamana” disatukan dalam aspek kapan.
Perhatikan contoh berikut ini !
- Pada awalnya rakyat dan penguasa daerah bersikap baik kepada VOC. Sikap baik rakyat dan para penguasa itulah yang dimanfaatkan oleh VOC untuk semakin berkuasa di Nusantara. Namun, serjalannya waktu orang-orang Belanda mulai menampakkan sikap congkak, dan sombong. Hal itulah yang memunculkan kebencian rakyat dan para penguasa lokal.
Paragraf di atas terdiri dari aspek “bagaimana” yang secara umum menjelaskan keadaan dan situasi, serta akibat yang terjadi saat VOC mulai bersikap licik kepada rakyat dan penguasa daerah di Nusantara.
- Pada masa Gubernur Jenderal Laurens Reael, Jayakarta berhasil direbut oleh pasukan Kesultanan Banten yang dibantu tentara Inggris di bawah Laksamana Thomas Dale. VOC terusir dari Jayakarta pada tahun 1618 dan kemudian berpindah ke Maluku. Jayakarta kembali dapat dikendalikan oleh Kesultanan Banten. Laurens Reael kemudian digantikan oleh Jan Pieterzoon Coen pada tahun 1619. J.P. Coen kembali menyerang kembali Jayakarta. Jayakarta dapat diduduki VOC. Kemudian, kota Jayakarta hancurkan oleh J.P. Coen pada tanggal 30 Mei 1619. Kota Jayakarta kemudian itu diberi nama Batavia.
Paragraf di atas terdiri dari aspek “di mana”, “kapan”, dan “siapa”. Dalam paragraf di atas disebutkan berbagai nama tepat, tokoh, dan waktu kejadian.
- VOC banyak melakukan campur tangan politik pada kerajaan-kerajaan daerah di Nusantara. Selain itu, VOC juga melakukan politik devide et impera (politik adu domba) untuk mendapatkan kekuasaan dan keuntungan di Nusantara.
Paragraf di atas menunjukkan aspek “apa” yang menjelaskan tindakan VOC untuk menguasai kerajaan-kerajaan di Nusantara.
- Guna menyaingi Inggris yang membentuk EIC (East India Company), pada tanggal 20 Maret 1602, Belanda membentuk kongsi (persatuan) dagang VOC. Persekutuan dagang VOC tersebut merupakan hasil penyatuan atau merger dari beberapa serikat dagang yang ada di Belanda. Serikat dagang VOC ini merupakan singkatan dari Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie. Dalam bahasa Indonesia VOC disebut Persekutuan Dagang Hindia-Timur.
Paragraf di atas mengutamakan aspek mengapa dan bagaimana. Aspek “mengapa” menjelaskan alasan terbentuknya VOC. Aspek “bagaimana” menjelaskan cara VOC dibentuk.
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